A Study to Evaluate the Relevance and Validity of Triple Assessment in Diagnosing Carcinoma Breast.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths. Breast cancer survival is strongly determined based on the stage of the cancer after diagnosis. This demonstrates the benefits of early detection of breast cancer in keeping survival rates of patients higher. Triple Test that comprises clinical examination, radiological assessment (USG/Mammography) and FNAC is considered as the gold standard in diagnosing carcinoma breast. This study aimed at diagnosing carcinoma breast in patients with the help of triple assessment and studying its relevance and validity.METHODSWomen who presented with a lump in breast to surgery OPD in the department of general surgery, NMCH, Patna were included in the study. This is a prospective study undertaken from December 2017 to November 2019. After taking informed consent from the study participants, they were thoroughly examined, and detailed history was taken. Subsequently, they were subjected to other components of triple test, so that a definitive diagnosis could be formed. Cases of breast abscess and those with fungating or ulcerative mass were excluded from the study.RESULTSClinical examination had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 86.66%. FNAC had a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 96.66%. Radiological assessment when used alone, yielded a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 96.66%. The sensitivity and specificity of all the modalities used in triple assessment when combined together was 100% and 96.66% respectively. The positive predictive value was 95.23% and negative predictive value was 100%. The p value was highly significant (<0.0001).CONCLUSIONSTriple assessment is an important diagnostic tool in the assessment of carcinoma breast and is better than either of the modalities used alone.

P-Coumaric acid ameliorates ethanol-induced kidney injury by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production and NF- and kappa;B signaling in rats

To examine the effects of p-coumaric acid on ethanol-induced kidney injury in Swiss Wistar rats. Methods: Ethanol (25% v/v) was used to induce nephrotoxicity in rats. p-Coumaric acid was orally administered at 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight. The levels of oxidative parameters were determined; pro-inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed by Western blotting and apoptotic protein was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ethanol treated rats showed decreased levels of antioxidants and aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL1P, TNF-), NF- and kappa;B activation and imbalance of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3). Meanwhile, jp-coumaric acid restored antioxidant levels and decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines, NF- and kappa;B, and pro- apoptotic proteins and increased Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions: jp-Coumaric acid ameliorates ethanol-induced kidney injury by restoring antioxidant production and suppressing cellular apoptosis and inhibiting NF- and kappa;B expression. jp-Coumaric acid should be further investigated as a promising candidate for ethanol-induced kidney toxicity.